Food Applications and Potential Health Benefits of Hawthorn Many investigations have assessed the potential antioxidant effects of AP. Hyson, no conflicts of interest. If it's edible then it's chemicals. Among the various foods studied, apples were the only individual fruit associated with the protective association. Several investigators have proposed that unknown compounds beyond those currently examined and characterized in AP might account for improved health and be linked to reduced risk of disease. Research in animals allows for detailed analyses of the effect of AP on lipid parameters beyond simply measuring lipid levels in plasma. Tsao R, Yang R, Xie S, Sockovie E, Khanizadeh S, Chun OK, Kim D-O, Smith N, Schroeder D, Han J, Lee C, Sampson L, Rimm E, Hollman P, deVries J, Katan M, Hertog MG, Feskens E, Hollman P, Katan MB, Kromhout D, Veeriah S, Hofmann T, Glei M, Dietrich H, Will F, Schreier P, Knaup B, Pool-Zobel BL, Gallus S, Talamini R, Giacosa A, Montella M, Ramazzotti V, Franceschi S, Negri E, La Vecchia C. Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Miller A, Bas Bueno-de-Mesquita H, Bchner F, Vineis P, Agudo A, Gram I, Janson L, Krogh V, et al. The investigators tested for the ability of apple to protect against DNA damage in cultured lymphocytes isolated after apple exposure and found a significant protective effect at 3 h with a gradual loss of protection 24 h postconsumption. To address this issue, a recent study by Veeriah et al. Population-based case-control study, Maternal food consumption during pregnancy and asthma, respiratory and atopic symptoms in 5-year-old children, Diet and asthma in Dutch school children (ISAAC-2), Dietary antioxidants and asthma in adults, Apple juice concentrate prevents oxidative damage and impaired maze performance in aged mice, Apple juice prevents oxidative stress and impaired cognitive performance caused by genetic and dietary deficiencies in mice, Dietary supplementation with apple juice concentrate alleviates the compensatory increase in glutathione synthase transcription and activity that accompanies dietary- and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Apple juice concentrate maintains acetylcholine levels following dietary compromise, Supplementation with apple juice attenutates presenilin-1 overexpression during dietary and genetically-induced oxidative stress, Dietary supplementation with apple juice decreases endogenous amyloid-beta levels in murine brain, Folate deprivation increases presenilin expression, gamma-secretase activity and A-beta levels in murine brain: potentiation by ApoE deficiency and alleviation by dietary S-adenosyl methionine, Annurca apple-rich diet restores long-term potentiation and induces behaviorial modifications in aged rats, Associations of dietary flavonoids with risk of type 2 diabetes, and markers of insulin resistance and systemic inflammation in women: a prospective and cross-sectional analysis, Possible role for apple juice phenolic compounds in the acute modification of glucose tolerance and gastrointestinal hormone secretion in humans, Absorption, metabolism, and excretion of cider dihyrochalcones in healthy humans and subjects with an ileostomy, Weight loss associated with a daily intake of three apples or three pears among overweight women, Bone health and osteoporosis: a report of the surgeon general, Fruit and vegetable intakes and bone mineral status: a cross-sectional study in 5 age and sex cohorts, Effect of fruit on net acid and urinary calcium excretion in an acute feeding trial of women, Prevention of bone loss by phloridzin, an apple polyphenol, in ovariectomized rats under inflammation conditions, Apple phenol extracts prevent damage to human gastric epithelial cells in vitro and to rat gastric mucosa in vivo, Biological activity of carotenoids in red paprika, Valencia orange and Golden delicious apple. A variety of in vitro systems have been used to test AP extracts for potential antioxidant capacity and the results of these studies have been variable. Ongoing work continues to further delineate multiple mechanisms by which AP might be protective and suggests great promise. Main conclusion The efficiency of suberized plant/environment interfaces as transpiration barriers is not established by the suberin polymer but by the wax molecules sorbed to the suberin polymer. A small study of absorption in ileostomy patients showed that 66.9100% of ingested apple phenolics were absorbed or metabolized in the small intestine, implying that a range of 033% might reach the colon (25). It is estimated that 1.5 million people will suffer an osteoporotic-related fracture each year. Feeding the extract to rats for 3 wk resulted in significant dose-dependent reductions in several markers of lipid metabolism including reduced lipoperoxides (measured by TBARS) in serum and liver, lowered SOD activity in RBC, lower hepatic 6 desaturase activity, altered fecal excretion patterns, and reduced levels of oxidized cholesterol products in serum and liver. The effect of AP on cell proliferation has been the focus of many recent studies. The authors concluded that the high procyanidin content and metabolites in the apple extract might directly interfere with cholesterol absorption in addition to modulating lipids and lipid-related processes. (55) examined the effect of AP on the presence of asthma diagnosis and symptoms (defined as wheeze) in children in the UK. Colorectal or colon cancer, the 4th most common cancer and the 3rd most common cause of death in Western society (16), has been the focus of many investigations. Valorisation of Apple ( Malus domestica ) Wastes - Springer A sub-discipline of both chemistry and biology, biochemistry may be divided into three fields: structural biology, enzymology and metabolism.Over the last decades of the 20th century, biochemistry has become successful at explaining living processes through these three disciplines. This is of importance, because many flavonoids and dihydrocalchones are present in intact plant foods as glycosides with saccharide residues, but during processing and storage hydrolysis occurs, leading to the aglycone form. Increasingly protective effects were observed in rats fed extract doses equivalent to 1, 3, or 6 apples/d with reductions in tumor incidence of 17, 39, and 44%, respectively. Apples and AP3, including juices and extracts, have been included in health-related studies around the world due to their rich content of varied phytochemicals. 31 List of Chemicals in an Apple - Main Ingredients Apple intake also reduced DNA damage in mononuclear blood cells, an effect the investigators proposed was likely mediated by antioxidant mechanisms. Another study examining oxidation in humans involved providing 150 mL of apple juice, prepared from homogenized apple flesh, to 10 healthy young male participants in Japan and testing their blood at periodic intervals using a fluorescent probe (2,7-dichlorofluorescin) as an indicator of ROS formation and oxidative stress (37). Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars Ink. It is estimated that one-third of all cancer deaths could be prevented by improved diet, particularly increased consumption of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains (13). Oxidant stress also activates inflammatory mediators that induce asthma in experimental models and appears to be important in the etiology of asthma in humans (51). Hydrochloric acid, aqueous solution 2%. Pre- and poststudy values were compared to assess antioxidant activity in the participants' erythrocytes and plasma. Colonic microflora metabolize ingested polyphenols. Based on this premise, a study was conducted in Brazil on 49 overweight women with high blood cholesterol levels to determine the effect of fruit intake on blood lipids and body weight (70). Copyright 2023 American Society for Nutrition. All those chemicals are because of GMOs the scientists inject into our apple trees. In men, the risk reduction was 19% in the group consuming >54 g compared to no apple intake (34). 63. The estrogen-negative cells exhibited a greater sensitivity to the apple extracts than the estrogen-responsive model. For full access to this pdf, sign in to an existing account, or purchase an annual subscription. Chemical composition of apple fruits of eight cultivars Results as mean SEM of triplicate measurements. Very preliminary in vitro evidence indicates that compounds from AP could be protective against gastric ulcer. It was found that high concentrations of the extract (2002000 nmol/L) for longer incubation periods with TNF (36 h) resulted in reduced NF-B activity, likely mediated via inhibited phosphorylation of IB. The influence of farming systems on the harvest of apple tree orchards and the chemical composition of apples S. Nominaitis1, V. M. Rutkoviene1, P. Vikelis 2 Key words: genus, scab, skin toughness, picking maturity, fruit quality Summary: Research of apple productivity and quality was carried out in organic and intensive There has been an increasing appreciation and understanding of the link between dietary fruit and vegetable intake and improved health in humans. It is becoming apparent that native polyphenolic compounds are most commonly tested but due to extensive metabolic modification, the ingested compounds may be negligible or even absent in tissues under physiologic conditions. A follow-up mechanistic study using a similar approach with polyphenol-rich apple extract was conducted to examine the effect of fermentation-generated SCFA on inhibition of histone deacetylase in 2 colon cancer cell lines, including HT29 and Caco-2 (26). An updated analysis of fruit and vegetable consumption and lung cancer risk from the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition was published in 2007 (15). Their work focused on NF-B, a transcription factor involved in regulation of inflammation, immunity, apoptosis, cell proliferation, and differentiation. PDF chemical composition of apples Apple juice also attenuated the neurotoxicity of amyloid peptide in vitro (65). Evidence relating AP to lung health was summarized in the review of Boyer and Liu (1) and newer studies have built upon earlier work that implicated AP in reduced risk of asthma. Search for other works by this author on: Apple phytochemicals and their health benefits, Effects of dietary flavonoids on apoptotic pathways related to cancer chemoprevention. Barth et al. Metals, sugars, organic . Recent trials have added data that suggest a protective effect of AP on risk of cancer. Shea et al. In a follow-up study, the above investigators developed reconstituted mixtures including 5 major apple-derived compounds to determine the relative antioxidant contribution of selected polyphenolics (20). Another in vitro study with AP demonstrated that there may be other beneficial effects to gastrointestinal health by an alternate mechanism of reducing risk of mutagenesis in gastric cancer (77). The test meals were adjusted to provide comparable macronutrients. The chemical structures of several representative polyphenols present in AP are shown in Fig. The in vitro findings align with the results of animal studies, demonstrating that apple extracts modulate the cell cycle, an important mechanistic explanation of the observed effects of AP on mammary tumor inhibition. Only 12.7% of the ingested compounds in cloudy apple juice reached the end of the intestine in unmetabolized form, whereas 22.3% were recovered as metabolites. Additional work from this laboratory using mice with genetically induced oxidative stress (an ApoE-deficient strain) showed that 1 mo of apple juice concentrate intake reduced the accumulation of ROS in brain tissue and attenuated cognitive impairment (60, 61). In addition, apple intake was associated with reduction in SOD elevation in the hippocampus of aged rats, suggesting that apples provide antioxidant protection that mitigates the predicted compensatory elevation of enzymes associated with aging. This study focused on a single concentration of one isolated compound; an expansion of work with this model using a wider range of concentrations and varied phytochemicals would be of interest. Chemical compositional characterization of some apple cultivars A detailed report of apple phytochemicals and their health benefits was published by Boyer and Liu (1) in 2004. After apple consumption, FRAP increased significantly by 12% at 1 h and plasma levels of ascorbate and urate also increased. There is also inconsistency in the correlation between in vitro outcomes and in vivo antioxidant activity mediated by AP. A Systematically Searched Scoping Review and Research Perspective, COP27 Climate Change Conference: Urgent Action Needed for Africa and the World: : Wealthy nations must step up support for Africa and vulnerable countries in addressing past, present and future impacts of climate change, Flavan-3-ols and Cardiometabolic Health: First Ever Dietary Bioactive Guideline, Nutrition, Immunosenescence, and Infectious Disease: An Overview of the Scientific Evidence on Micronutrients and on Modulation of the Gut Microbiota, High Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet is Associated with Higher Physical Fitness in Adults: a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis, Gastrointestinal protection from drug injury, http://www.yvgsa.com/pdf/facts/USApple2010ProductionAnalysis.pdf, http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/library/bonehealth/, Receive exclusive offers and updates from Oxford Academic, A Review and Critical Analysis of the Scientific Literature Related to 100% Fruit Juice and Human Health, Perspective: The Paradox in Dietary Advanced Glycation End Products ResearchThe Source of the Serum and Urinary Advanced Glycation End Products Is the Intestines, Not the Food, Contribution of Biotransformations Carried Out by the Microbiota, Drug-Metabolizing Enzymes, and Transport Proteins to the Biological Activities of Phytochemicals Found in the Diet, The Effects of Blueberry Phytochemicals on Cell Models of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress. Rats were fed 2 different preparations of apple juice pressed from a mixture of apples to determine if 7 wk of daily consumption protected the mucosa from 1,2-dimethylhydrazineinduced genotoxic damage. In vitro work has demonstrated that several important pathways and processes involved in carcinogenesis are affected by AP and phytochemicals in AP. All of the isolated compounds, including newly characterized triterpenes, had antioxidant activity at various levels. It has also been proposed that dihydrochalcones, particularly phloretin-2-0-glucoside present in relatively high amounts in AP, inhibit sodium-dependent glucose transporters in the intestinal lumen, therefore potentially reducing postprandial glucose response (68, 69). It was found that apple consumption increased antioxidant enzymes, including SOD and glutathione peroxidase, in erythrocytes and overall antioxidant potential in plasma. Hamsters were provided with apples to approximate human intake of 600 g/d (~2.5 large apples) or 500 mL of juice/d. Familiar examples of physical properties include density, color, hardness, melting and boiling points, and electrical conductivity. The synthetic mixture of polyphenols also inhibited growth, although less effectively, and isolated components were significantly less effective than either mixture. Approved as a medicinal fruit by the Chinese National Health and Wellness Commission [], hawthorn has higher dietary fiber, pectin, ascorbic acid, minerals, and antioxidant capacity than some common fruits [].Studies have confirmed that hawthorn is rich in amino acids (8 essential amino acids and 3-8 times more amino acids than fruit), protein (17 times . These data support the potential of antioxidant activity to improve markers related to behavioral changes associated with the aging process. In this study, human breast cancer cells (MCF-7) were exposed to TNF (10 g/L) to activate NF-B. Although further work is needed to extrapolate these findings to clinical outcomes, it is promising that there are multiple plausible mechanisms by which AP intake might reduce the risk of cancer in humans. Studies aimed at ranking in vitro antioxidant capacity of AP have been inconsistent as have those of other fruits and vegetables; some investigations rank antioxidant capacity as relatively poor, whereas others report good antioxidant activity compared to other fruits (45). In vitro studies from the above laboratory examined the potential mechanisms by which AP may cause reduction in mammary tumors (29). Apple Waste: A Sustainable Source of Carbon Materials and Valuable The type of molecule that produces an odor is called an aroma compound or an odorant. After 80 d of treatment, it was found that phloridzin intake improved femoral bone mineral density and markers of bone turnover. Anti-vaxxer vs. chemical composition of an apple. It is not known whether this is important under physiologic conditions, but it is an interesting mechanism by which AP might be related to glucose control in diabetes. Abstract Suberized cell walls formed as barriers at It has been shown that the estrogen decline associated with menopause is linked to increased production of inflammatory mediators within the bone microenvironment. It furthers the University's objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide, This PDF is available to Subscribers Only. Apple juice concentrate may work by other mechanisms, including the ability to suppress overexpression of presenilin-1, which is linked to the production of amyloid peptide, a hallmark of Alzheimer's disease (63, 64). An effect of AP on NF-B activity was observed in another cell line in a recent study by Davis et al. Checkmate, atheists. Thus, it is important to consider the effects of potential breakdown products in the gut in addition to metabolites in the blood (12). Apples were identified as the only flavonoid-rich food that might be protective. The apple extract significantly inhibited cell proliferation and downregulated cell cycle protein expression. Fructose level (average 53.9 g/l) was almost always higher than glucose level. Although data relating AP intake to reduced risk of asthma are provocative, there are some inconsistent reports. Follow-up work with this model to further characterize the effects of the fresh apple extract demonstrated dose-dependent inhibition of markers of cell proliferation (proliferating cell nuclear antigen) and down regulation of the cell cycle in mammary tumor cells (cyclin D1 protein expression) (28). It has been proposed that an integrated approach incorporating antioxidant capacity values from several different assays in a validated statistical model might provide a more accurate assessment of the relative antioxidant capacity of foods (46). A study conducted in Turkey included 15 elderly participants (mean age 72 y; 8 female, 7 male) who ate fresh apples at a daily dose of 2 g/kg for 1 mo (36). There was a concurrent and dose-dependent increase in expression of Bax, a proapoptotic protein and downward expression of Bcl-2, an antiapoptotic protein. Chemical composition of apple Animal feeding and in vitro studies have shown the potential of AP in breast cancer reduction. Liu et al. However, it is plausible that the low-energy density and fiber content of apples make them effective in weight reduction diets. The potential of AP phytochemicals to reduce disease risk and improve health has caught the attention of scientists, practitioners, and the lay public. Alloy 28 properties / Alloy 28 chemical composition / Alloy 28 equivalent Other disease-related processes that are reportedly influenced by AP include cell proliferation and tumor production, inflammatory responses, apoptosis, cell differentiation (11), platelet aggregation, lipid metabolism, cell adhesion molecule expression, and endothelial function, among others (12). (PDF) Chemical Composition of Apples Cultivated in Norway - ResearchGate