African American slaves had been freed by the Emancipation Proclamation in 1863 or by the ratification of the 13th Amendment in 1865. PURPOSE. WebWhile 11 to 12 million people are estimated to have been exported as slaves from West Africa during the years of the slave trade, millions more were retained in Africa. being reported here with a B added to the number of the preceding page. This region had had a long history of providing enslaved people for the Islamic trans-Saharan trade. of, 69 slaves, page 499B, SMITH, Whitfield Agt., 72 slaves, page 403, TALBERT, Miss. Census data Slavery can be viewed to see if there were smaller slaveholders with that surname. Franklin County Subsequently, Africans were transshipped to North America from the Caribbean in increasing numbers. of justice and legality of claims of ownership need not be addressed in this transcription. To use individual functions (e.g., mark statistics as favourites, set Even worse, during this period, many African Americanssome using surnames for the very first timechanged their surnames once or even several times. (NARA microfilm series M653, Roll 922) reportedly includes a total of 7,076 slaves. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Free Blacks, and Free Mulattoes, 1850 Cemeteries and Churches: The Archives has a variety of church records available in original format and on microfilm. Americans on the 1870 census who were enumerated with the same surname. 1880 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, enumeration district 127, page 15, dwelling 123, family 123, Calvin Kelley household; digital images, Ancestry.com, NARA microfilm publication T9, FS Library Film roll 1321. County population included 6,465 whites, 566 free colored and 7,076 slaves. However, the data should be checked for the particular surname to see the extent of the matching. Use Ask Statista Research Service. The Civil War resulted in the loss of about 600,000 lives. In 1840, the slave population reached its peak of nearly 59,000 people; by 1860, there were 37,000 enslaved people, just 63 percent as many slaves as two decades earlier. 500-999 acres. It grew in intensity in places around the Chesapeake Bay, even as slavery was gradually abolished in the North. the source film personally to verify or modify the information in this transcription for their own and Counties, return to Home and Links Page. In comparing census data for different years, the transcriber did not consider any All rights reserved. Tens of thousands of Indigenous people labored in bondage across the western United States in the 1800s. 181B, LEWIS, David M., 38 slaves, Galloway page 188B, LITTLEJOHN, Joseph B., 48 slaves, Harris page 211, MALONE, Dr. Ellis, 34 slaves, Harris page 213B, MANN, Joseph B., 45 slaves, Harris page 196, MARTIN, W. K., 23 slaves, Franklinton page 180, MASSENBURG, N. B., 46 slaves, Harris page 202B, MAY, Willie & Henry, 24 slaves, Galloway page 189B, MCKNIGHT, Asa?, 80 slaves, Galloway page 188, MITCHELL, Leroy, 28 slaves, Harris page 215, MITCHENOR?, Festus, 30 slaves, Galloway page 185, MOON, Wm. Your Privacy Rights significant increases in colored population during that time, and were therefore more likely possible places of relocation for changes to County boundaries, such as the taking of part of Franklin County in 1881 for So at the 1870 census a black man who reported he could not read or write by 1880 was now reporting that he could read and write. Available for all Georgia counties. 10 Rolls. WebThe 1870 census data for Washington Territory, in which slavery was never permitted, shows a doubling of population since the previous census. FORMER SLAVES. Immediately after the Civil War employers are often listed. https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/2369, African American Library Directors in the USA, African American Women Veterans in and from Kentucky, Shades of citizenship : race and the census in modern politics, Census and identity : the politics of race, ethnicity, and language in national census, Notable Kentucky African American (NKAA) Database. Chart: Slave population in 1860 - Bill of Rights Institute for 1870 and 1960, the transcriber did not take into consideration any relevant changes in county boundaries. And so when historians were able to demonstrate that the Tuskegee figures were accurate and correct, it just gives us a deeper understanding of what these people must have gone through. To help show the big patterns of American slavery, I have created an interactive map of the spread of slavery. Overseer, 63 slaves, Harris page 194B, NICHOLSON, Lucind F., 21 slaves, Franklinton page 182B, PERRY, A. S. Owner Louisburg NC, 72 slaves, Galloway page 190B, PERRY, Allen C., 25 slaves, Galloway page 187, PERRY, Burnel, 32 slaves, Harris page 214, PERRY, Charles, 33 slaves, Harris page 210, PERRY, Couvina?, 42 slaves, Harris page 218B, PERRY, Dr. A. S., 66 slaves, Harris page 206B, PERRY, Dr. Samuel, 37 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERRY, Dr. A. S., 88 slaves, Harris page 204B, PERRY, Joshua?, 45 slaves, Harris page 215, PERRY, Lucy B., 21 slaves, Harris page 205B, PERRY, Ruston?, 24 slaves, Harris page 197, PERRY, Solomon, 21 slaves, Harris page 205, PERRY, Willie owner Louisburg NC, James Strange overseer, 73 slaves, Galloway page 190, PERRYDr. Illiteracy rates among the non-white population fell from 80 percent in 1870 to just 30 percent in 1910. during that time, and were therefore possible places of relocation for colored persons from 1860 slaveholder. The 1880 census does not contain nearly as much detail as those of the twentieth century. The Archives has books and periodicals on a wide range of subjects in Georgia History. U.S. 5800 Jonesboro Road For example, the Census did not count any slaves in Vermont, which abolished slavery in its 1777 constitution. Franklin County, included the following: Georgia, up 80,000 (17%); Texas, up 70,000 (38%); on African Americans in the 1870 census was obtained using Heritage Quest's CD "African-Americans in the 1870 U.S. The process of In, Slave Voyages. 2023 historyguy.com. WebIn 1790, almost 51,000 people were enslaved in that county. The records of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands are voluminous, focusing primarily on African Americans in the southern states. Slavery holders of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. Slave imports to the islands of the Caribbean began in the early 16th century. WebSUMMARY. before.) But for the most part the slave population spread westward to the lands opened for settlement by the Louisiana Purchase, the dispossession of the Indian nations of the Southeast, the war with Mexico, and the distribution of public lands. West Central Africa: Angola, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of the Congo Slaves were enumerated in 1860 without giving their names, only their sex and age By 1680 in Barbados the average plantation had about 60 slaves, and in Jamaica in 1832 about 150. transcriber has chosen to use the term slaveholder rather than slave owner, so that questions In these directories, there are alphabetical and geographic listings of residents, with the race of the individual noted. From NKAA, Notable Kentucky African Americans Database (main entry). This transcription includes 138 slaveholders who held 40 or more slaves in Edgefield County, By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to 17,040, and the "colored" population had increased 5% to 25,417. WebThe U.S. Census Bureau counts the number of people living in the United States every 10 years. Federal Records that Help Identify Former In the 1850 and 1860 censuses, there were separate slave schedules kept, but in almost every case M205. Privacy Statement Excluding slaves, the 1860 U.S. population was 27,167,529, with the census page), the number of slaves they held in the County where the slaves were enumerated and the first census page By the 1870 census, the white population had increased 9% to But in the two decades of the 1660s and 1670s the laws of slave ownership were clarified (for example, Africans who converted to Christianity did no longer have to be manumitted), and the price of servants may have increased because of rising wage rates in prospering England; soon thereafter African slaves replaced English indentured labourers. You only have access to basic statistics. African American Resources In 1860, the eighth census counted 3,953,760. Who was the first African American to graduate from Harvard? An excellent snapshot of schools within the county in any given year. One of the fundamental problems of history is scale: how can historians move between understanding the past in terms of a single life and in the lives of millions; within a city and at the bounds of continents; over a period of days and over the span of centuries? About Us | Contact Us | Copyright | Report Inappropriate Material Browser, which is a very detailed, searchable and highly recommended database that can found at You can explore the map for yourself, but below I have created animations to highlight some of the major patterns. 13 August 1521: with the capture of King Cuahutemotzin by Hernan Corts and the fall of the city of Mexico, the Aztec empire is overthrown and Mexico comes under Spanish Rule. microfilm can be viewed to find out whether the ancestor was a holder of a fewer number of slaves or not a slaveholder at A., 34 slaves, Harris page 2o2B, PERSON, Willie M., 31 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PIERCE?, Archd. (Georgia Archives Microfilm #231/16-17) This microfilm publication reproduces six volumes of correspondence of the Secretary of the Navy relating to African colonization, January 5, 1819-May 29, 1844. task, but it is beyond the scope of this transcription. Records of Slave Trials, 1800-1850: Available for 6 counties: Baldwin, Hancock, Jones, Lincoln, Putnam, Screven (plus Trials of Free Persons of Color), Taliaferro (only Trials of Free Persons of Color). of 1,000 acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,359 farms of 500-999 acres. Georgia Archives only has those microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. What happened, not Susan and I, but some other scholars said we have to treat this systematically. Freedmens Education in Virginia As historian Susan Schulten has shown, this particular map was created by a federal government agency from statistics gathered by the Census. Taken every 10 years since 1790, census records provide a snapshot of the nation's population. A banner on the map proclaims that it was "sold for the benefit of the Sick and Wounded Soldiers of the U.S. microfilm for the details listed regarding the sex, age and color of the slaves. So these are the sorts of things that happen all the time in historical research. Free African Americans were almost entirely excluded, in part by an extensive system of patrols, from the majority slave populations of the Deep South. http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/census/ . History of slavery in West Virginia If you find your ancestor by name in both census years, identified as a free African American, you are quite likely to be able to locate additional county records to provide more information. Between 1860 and 1870, the North Carolina colored population increased by about 31,000, to But some of these questions can only be answered quantitatively. Once you have traced your ancestor back to the 1870 federal census, the next step would be to confirm whether your ancestor was free or enslaved in 1860. WebDistribution of Slaves in 1860 In 1861, in an attempt to raise money for sick and wounded soldiers, the Census Office produced and sold a map that showed the population Two new counties have been SOURCES. was a slave on the 1860 census, the free census for 1860 should be checked, as almost 11% of African Americans were The Freedmans Savings and Trust Company. Profit from the additional features of your individual account. One such report is located at this Census Bureau page on Slavery. purposes. Some examples of newspapers available are Voice of the People, 1901-1904, a newspaper published in Atlanta by Bishop Henry McNeal Turner as the monthly organ of the Colored National Emigration Association (Georgia Archives Microfilm #60/22); and The Athens Blade, 1879-1880, which published religious and social news about blacks in Athens and some surrounding counties. M160. That's a lynching every week, more than once a week. 1870 Census: First census since abolition of slavery; population of Following the holder list is a (As a side note, by 1960, 100 years later, the County was The data in my maps is drawn from the 1790 to 1860 Censuses compiled by the Minnesota Population Center, [National Historical Geographic Information System], version 2.0 (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota, 2011). The actual number of slaveholders may be slightly Overview and forecasts on trending topics, Industry and market insights and forecasts, Key figures and rankings about companies and products, Consumer and brand insights and preferences in various industries, Detailed information about political and social topics, All key figures about countries and regions, Market forecast and expert KPIs for 600+ segments in 150+ countries, Insights on consumer attitudes and behavior worldwide, Business information on 70m+ public and private companies, Detailed information for 35,000+ online stores and marketplaces. 1860 United States census - Wikipedia about half of those living in the southern States. acres or more, the largest size category enumerated in the census, and another 1,184 farms of slaves, or an average of about ten slaves per holder. Available on Ancestry.com. Bight of Biafra: Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria Department of Education (RG 12) Negro Education Division, 1911-ca. WebThe data collected are used to calculate the number of seats given to each state in the U.S. House of Representatives. We give all the sources so you can expand and add to it. Should statues of slaveholders be taken down? Tour Virginia's Shenandoah Valley and learn about the state's colonial settlement and Mount Vernon, Legal relationships between slaves and free strangers, Attitudes toward slavery: the matter of race. Steven Deyle has written a recent history of the domestic slave trade in Carry Me Back: The Domestic Slave Trade in American Life (New York: Oxford University Press, 2005); the figures cited above are from page 289. of the most slaves with the least amount of transcription work. Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); North Carolina, up 31,000 (8%); Florida, up 27,000 (41%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up African American slaves were first enumerated in the U.S. Federal Census in 1850 in a separate census called Slave Schedules. Directly accessible data for 170 industries from 50 countries and over 1 million facts: Get quick analyses with our professional research service. Deceased, 72 slaves, page 426B. accounting for 8,445 slaves, or just over 35% of the County total. records of the holder. You should check the state archives or historical societies for the availability of these alternate records in the counties and states in which you are researching. Church minutes usually list members, and often indicate race and legal status (free or slave). Reconstruction - Civil War End, Changes & Act of 1867 - History Before presuming an African American Then you can access your favorite statistics via the star in the header. can be difficult because the name of a plantation may have been changed through the years and because the sizeable number Distribution of Slaves in 1860 - History - U.S. Census Bureau The directories have been scanned and indexed and are searchable by name, date, and location. FORMAT. Records description has been ongoing since 1918, and headings have changed over time with changing social and professional standards. By Using the 1880 census to identify families, The 1870 census: the first after emancipation, African Americans in the U.S. Federal Census, 1870-1890 - International Institute, The International Institute for Genealogical Studies, The International Institute of Genealogical Studies, National Archives and Records Administration, https://www.familysearch.org/en/wiki/index.php?title=African_Americans_in_the_U.S._Federal_Census,_1870-1890_-_International_Institute&oldid=5300326. (127%); and Kansas up from 265 to 17,000 (6,400%). Ancestry.com and our loyal RootsWeb community. Search our book catalog (GIL). Agt., 40 slaves, page 402B, DOZIER, A. S. But what's in a statistic? Alabama, up 37,000 (8%); Florida, up 29,000 (46%); Ohio, up 26,000 (70%); Indiana, up 25,000 Governors Subject Files, 1781-1993, RG 1-1-5: Chronological. with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link to finding that ancestor as a slave requires Using plantation names to locate ancestors Plantation names were not shown on the census. Its not WebSlavery was constitutionally abolished by the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution in the United States in 1865, freeing over 4 million slaves. This transcription lists the names of those largest slaveholders in the County (actually shown as "District" on Many of these that date prior to 1900 are available on FamilySearch.org. WebThe 1870 census: the first after emancipation As the 1860 federal census preceded the end of slavery in 1864-1865, the 1870 federal census is extremely important to African Some collections are available in original format, while others are available solely on microfilm. But Harvey Amani Whitfield has shown that some Vermont African Americans were held in bondage. This is the first significant uprising of African slaves. approximately 392,000, an 8% increase, with these Counties being some that showed significant Civil War Statistics: Slaves as a Percentage of the U.S. Senr., 58 slaves, page 421B, HOLLINGSWORTH, J. H., 59 slaves, page 453, HOLLINGSWORTH, Mrs. B., 91 slaves, page 460, JENNINGS, Dr. W. D., 48 slaves, page 510B, MCKIE, Mary E. and one other, 47 slaves, page 495, MEREWETHER, Dr. S. G., 50 slaves, page 496, MERRIWEATHER, Dr. N., 49 slaves, page 495B, MIMS, Dr. R. J., C. M. Gray agent for, 48 slaves, page 513B, MIMS, Dr. E. J., Mathis agent for, 56 slaves, page 515, NIEHLEMAN?, Mrs. E. J., 57 slaves, page 449, PICKENS, F. W., W. B. Martin agent for, 84 slaves, page 513, SEARING, A. L., M. A. Selack for, 96 slaves, page 391B, SEARLS, T. The schedules for the 1870 census were: 2 Rolls. Digests in Archives custody up to 1890 are scanned and indexed on Ancestry.com. Chart. PLANTATION NAMES. In counties along the Atlantic Coast in 1790 and 1800, the population of slaves at any one time was nearly at its peak. [Online]. Georgia Archives only has limited microfilm publications which pertain to Georgia records. 1870 Census Records In September of 1861, the U.S. Coast Survey published a large map, approximately two feet by three feet, titled a "Map showing the distribution of the slave population of the southern states of the United States." Identifying the larger family groups of families during this period is essential to conducting any further research. Shortly after the American Civil War (18611865) began in Virginia, African Americans established and taught in schools for Virginias freed people. According to the authoritative SlaveVoyages.org, the total number of black slaves imported from Africa into America was 305,326. This Decd., E. Searls Admr. WebThe 1860 U.S. Census counted 3,605 slave owners in West Virginia. Around 1650 the Kingdom of the Kongo, which the Portuguese had ties with, started exporting enslaved Apprenticeship/Indenture Registers, 1800-1930: These records primarily document freedmen, but also document whites, and may be integrated in Probate Court minutes or other records. Federal Records U.S. Adjutant Generals Office: The Negro in the Military Service of the United States, 1639-1886. Slavery Due to variable film quality, handwriting list is a separate list of the surnames of the holders with information on numbers of African Particularly in the case of If your ancestor does not appear in the 1850 or 1860 censuses, it is quite likely that he or she was enslaved during this time.Only by researching the owners records will you be able to locate information on your ancestor. It should be noted however, that in comparing census data Owner Franklinton NC, Wm . States that saw E., 28 slaves, Harris page 200B, THOMAS, Jos. WebApproximately 600,000 of 10 million African slaves made their way into the American colonies before the slave trade not slavery was banned by Congress in 1808. WebSlaves were enumerated on all federal census records from 1790 to 1860, but not by name. The authoritative record of NPRs programming is the audio record. slaveholder in each County. (This is all the more remarkable since many slaves fled to the British during the Revolutionary War.) publication of slaveholder names beginning with the largest holders will enable naming of the Willie?, 70 slaves, Harris page 202, PERSON, Antny A., 28 slaves, Harris page 215B, PERSON, Presley C., 24 slaves, Franklinton page 182, PERSON, Thos. 1870 U.S. Census, Navarro County, Texas, population schedule, Beat 1, Corsicana post office, page 1, dwelling 3, family 3, Calvin Kelly household; digital images, Ancestry.com; citing NARA microfilm publication M593, FS Library Film roll 1600. census. of 1,543 slaveholders, and those slaveholders have not been included here. and living in County), WILLIAMS, 28865, 2061, 54, 2969, 1967, 53. and indication of any handicaps, such as deaf or blind Slaves 100 years of age or older were J., 90 slaves, Harris page 216B, BRODIE, Samuel, 34 slaves, Harris page 214B, CLIFTON, T. T., 24 slaves, Harris page 220, COOK, Jones?, 42 slaves, Galloway page 187B, COOLEY, Jacob, 25 slaves, Dunns page 178B, COPPEDGE, Wm. An The transcriber did not notice any such slaves in the course of Mr. RICHARD SUTCH (Editor, "Historical Statistics of the United States"): As everyone probably is aware, black Americans who were enslaved were not taught how to read and write. All rights reserved. 1870 U.S. Census - Calvin Kelly household. held by Rambo on 481B. Where the Coast Survey map showed one measure, the interactive map shows the population of slaves, of free African Americans, of all free people, and of the entire United States, as well as each of those measure in terms of population density and the percentage of the total population. further research by those seeking to make connections between slaves and holders. Researchers interested in the African-American experience in Georgia should be aware and look for the terms Colored and/or Negro.. If the ancestor is not on this list, the 1860 slave census American ancestor with one of these surnames is found on the 1870 census, then making the link If the Archives does not have the city or time period in which you are interested, be sure to check at the local public library. Reconstruction Returns of Voters, 1867, RG 1-1-108: Lists voters number; date of registry; name; number and page in Oath Book; race; time of residence in state, county and precinct within a year; nativity by state or county; naturalization (if any); and remarks (if any). " The data map was an instrument of government, as well as a new technology for representing knowledge. Census data on African Americans in the 1870 census was This animation shows the free African American population from 1790 to 1860. ELLIOTT: That's economic historian Susan Carter. Virginias freed slaves sought education for themselves and their children at the earliest opportunity. slaveholder. the first page number on which they were listed. . Freed slaves, if listed in the next census, in 1870, would have been reported with their full name, Contact the Archives | Georgias population passed 1 million residents for the first time in 1860. This text may not be in its final form and may be updated or revised in the future. The Curious History of Slavery in Africa | Cornell Research here. increases (from around 10% to 50%): Craven; Edgecombe; Granville, Mecklenberg; New Slavery How Many of the Signers of the U.S. Constitution Were Enslavers? Estate Records: Includes wills, letters of administration, inventories, annual returns, sales, and guardian bonds. When looking at all of these maps together, it's noticable that even as the total number of enslaved peoples in the United States increased between 1790 and 1860, the multitudes were dispersed across the increasing expanse of the United States, rather than becoming more concentrated in areas where slavery was well established. They were brought in at first to mine gold, and they were shifted to silver mining or simply let go when gold was exhausted in the mid-16th century. and page numbering methods used by the census enumerators, interested researchers should view enumerated, out of a total of 3,950,546 slaves, and the transcriber, though not specifically looking Web1521. How Many Tobacco initially was the profitable crop that occupied most slaves in the Chesapeake. These include: The same methods for locating your family in the twentieth century census records will help you locate your family in the 1880 census. Another way to locate more information is by using the 1890 veterans schedule if your ancestor was a Civil War soldier. Furthermore, the constant use of racially-charged language to describe African Ancestors will bring the often-oppressive environment to life, easily discouraging sensitive researchers. 400 years since slavery: a timeline of American history Though the census schedules speak in terms of slave owners, the addressed in this transcription. Some of these former slaves may have been using the surname of their 1860 slaveholder Check microfilm card catalog Tax Digest drawer for microfilm of tax digests not in Archives custody. The rest of the slaves in the about 1 in 70 being a slaveholder. The proportions of slaves on the islands ranged from more than a third in Cuba, which went into the sugar and gang labour business on a large scale only after the local planters had gained control in 1789, to 90 percent and more on Jamaica in 1730, Antigua in 1775, and Grenada up to 1834. the source or at the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. Copies of a few documents of later date (August 18, 1856-September 8, 1858) are included. the time of the source, with African American being used otherwise. The information on surname matches of 1870 African Americans and 1860 slaveholders is intended merely to provide data Witheach county labeled with the exact percentage of people enslaved, the map demanded some closer examination. Susan Schulten, Mapping the Nation: History and Cartography in Nineteenth-Century America (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2012), writes about maps of slavery in chapter 4; see also the book's companion website which offers images of maps of slavery.