Officials may not know where they are. Also, plantations of non-native monocultures were reported to be of low value for the revival of the local biodiversity (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), and demonstrated increased chances of susceptibility to diseases and pests (Seddon, et al., 2020). Hence, these examples do not fully satisfy NbS definition framed by the IUCN, which stipulates provision of societal benefits as a result of NbS approaches. Information was sourced from two major scientific publication databasesScopus, and Web of Scienceto ensure the most comprehensive capture of articles possible. If no button appears, you cannot download or save the media. At the highest level, one can look at all the different species on the entire Earth. The most prominent native species in terms of the ability to grow in sandy, loamy and saline soils are reported to be Saxaul (Haloxylon), Salsola Richteri (Moq) Karel ex Litv and Calligonum caput-medusae Schrenk (Bakirov, Khamzaev, & Novitskiy, 2020), Krascheninnikovia eversmanniana and Artemisia ferganensis (Shomurodov, et al., 2021). Global Biodiversity - National Geographic Society Scientists have studied only a small percentage of rainforest species in their search for cures. Which ecosystem likely has the highest biodiversity? Environ Manag 25:485512. https://doi.org/10.1080/24749508.2021.1923271, Belle JA, Collins N, Jordaan A (2018) Managing wetlands for disaster risk reduction: A case study of the eastern Free State, South Africa. The government of Uzbekistan has officially stated that it will now be impossible to restore the Aral Sea to its former (pre-1960) state, and has instead committed to mitigate the consequences of this ecological disaster on human wellbeing, environment and the local economy. Although all of these insects have a similar structure and may be genetic cousins, the beautiful variety of colors, shapes, camouflage, and sizes showcase the level of diversity possible even within a closely-related group of species. As reported by Li et al. Creation of small local water bodies in the delta of Amudarya. Ecosystems of Oceans and Freshwater: Biological Diversity and Water If a media asset is downloadable, a download button appears in the corner of the media viewer. https://doi.org/10.1002/ldr.2935, Girardin CA, Jenkins S, Seddon N, Allen M, Lewis SL, Wheeler CE, Malhi Y (2021) Nature-based solutions can help cool the planet - if we act now. Ecosystems that host the most biodiversity tend to have ideal environmental conditions for plant growth, like the warm and wet climate of tropical regions. By Catrin Einhorn and Nadja PopovichMarch 3, 2022. Conserv Biol 33:812820. o adaptive immune system The language used for the non-systematic literature review was English only (as the Russian language does not distinguish and define NbS specifically). UNEP (2022) Draft resolution on nature-based solutions forsupporting sustainable development. Examples of grassland restoration activities given as NbS options, i.e., prohibition of grazing in some areas of China (Yao, Fu, Liu, Wang, & Song, 2021), were reported to have compromised herders income opportunities. Prvlie R (2016) Drylands extent and environmental issues. Besides performing ecological functions, local wetlands are vital sources of income for the population by supporting fishing, hunting, livestock husbandry through the provision of forage (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), (Schlter, et al., 2013). Pollution. As drylands around the world are projected to become more vulnerable under increasing temperature changes, and Central Asia is expected to be a climate change hotspot in the coming years with increased average temperature and decreased precipitation (Li, Ma, & Zhang, 2020), there is an acute need to mitigate and to adapt to the consequences of climate change by applying sustainable and resilient solutions for which NbS qualify. The Texas Hill Country region southwest of Austin, growing fast and with little protected land, is one example. IUCN has set out a Global Standard for Nature-Based Solutions (IUCN, 2020), which defines eight criteria for addressing societal, economic, and environmental dimensions for NbS design and implementation (Fig. Alongside multiple obvious benefits of NbS, the literature states also a number of challenges associated with their understanding, implementation, effectiveness, stakeholder participation (Nelson, Bledsoe, Ferreira, & Nibbelink, 2020), lack of standards for their evaluation (Kumar, et al., 2021), (Fernandes & Guiomar, 2018). An exosystem is the system of ecological interaction of different environments and can be on land and in water. https://doi.org/10.1080/15481603.2021.2009232. There are hundreds of species known to be globally critically imperiled or imperiled in this country that have no protection under federal law and often no protection under state law, said Healy Hamilton, chief scientist at NatureServe, a nonprofit conservation research group that led the analysis behind the map. Logging, mining and grazing are allowed on a significant share of public lands, including much of the Lincoln National Forest in southern New Mexico. (2013), fluctuations in the water table of wetlands can kill roe that fish lay on the shores with the already shallow water table. California has the most imperilled biodiversity of any state in the contiguous United States. Animals like the black-footed ferret and California condor are represented, but so are groups often left out of such analyses: species of bees, butterflies, fish, mussels, crayfish and flowering plants. In some cases, it has been demonstrated that protected areas can, among other things, provide human health benefits and thus can offset healthcare costs (Oberle, Mackinnon, & Sandwith, 2021). Afforestation measures are discussed as a cost-effective nature-based solution for combatting desertification, adapting to and mitigating climate change impacts through increased carbon sequestration potential (Seddon, et al., 2020) and halting biodiversity loss, as well as improving livelihood opportunities of the local communities (Zhang, Sun, Huettmann, & Liu, 2022), (Di Sacco, et al., 2021), (Djoudi, Brockhaus, & Locatelli, 2013). Parks 27:193196. Ecosystems include deserts, grasslands, and rainforests. US Forest Service: Ecoregions of the United States. Slider with three articles shown per slide. Biodiversity | Examples & Impact on Ecological Stability - Video Not included are gray wolves, grizzly bears and other wildlife not at risk of global extinction. The forest ecosystem survived because other kinds of trees also grew there.Biodiversity is important to people in many ways. These are afforestation, wetland restoration, rangeland restoration and protected areas establishment in Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region in the far-western part of Uzbekistan. McGrath, Kimberley A., ed. The plants need healthy soil to grow. Aggravating climate change (Ragab & Prudhomme, 2002) and unsustainable agricultural practices, as well as desiccation of the Aral Sea are reported to have had further negative consequences on the wetlands in the Amu Darya and Syr Darya river basins, and thus on the avifauna of the wetlands in the region (Kasprzykowski, Goawski, Mitrus, & Staski, 2014), (Lemly, Kingsford, & Thompson, 2000), (Schlter, et al., 2013). Despite pressure from housing developments and groundwater depletion, habitat for six imperiled species a warbler, a bat, two salamanders and two plants still exists. Tropical rainforest biomes (article) | Khan Academy The fields, forests, andwetlands where wild plants and animals live are disappearing. Occupying less than one percent of the ocean floor, coral reefs are home to more than 25% of all marine life. The snakes, which hunt birds, have caused the extinction of nine of the islands 11 native forest-dwellingbird species.People all over the world are working to maintain the planets biodiversity. What is Biodiversity? - Definition and Relation to Ecosystem Stability (Schlter, et al., 2013), some of the wetlands in the Aral Sea region are being maintained using drainage water. The recent study by the UN (ILRI, 2021) reveals that rangelands occupy 54% of the global terrestrial surface and cover about 57% of the territory of Uzbekistan (Toderich, et al., 2013a). Glob Change Biol 26:61346155. W - low niche diversity and warm water temperatures. NbS can often incorporate traditional knowledge, and should ideally involve a wide range of stakeholders - in particular, local communities. Think youre done? States of the Union: Ranking America's Biodiversity - NatureServe . If we wait a while, we might be able to spot a garter snake, a bullfrog, or maybe a red-winged blackbird. Here, we systematically review the application of nature-based solutions in rural drylands around the world with all four types of aridity indices defined by the United Nations: dry sub-humid, semi-arid, arid and hyper arid areas (see Fig. This is only a small portion of the total number of species on Earth. According to Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO), drylands globally comprise the following categories: barren land (28%), grassland (25%), forests (18%), and cropland (14%); with the remainder classified as other land (which includes inland water bodies, other wooded land, apart from those classified as forests, built-up environment and unidentified land types) (FAO, 2019). Biodiversity includesplants,animals, fungi, and other living things. J Arid Environ 73:963977. J Mar Syst 92:4252. You cannot download interactives. (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on Additional measures for the creation of forests in the regions and of the green cover in the Aral Sea region, 2020b), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on the establishment of South Ustyurt National Park (in Uzbek language), 2020a), (Decree of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on additional measures related to the organization of protected areas on forestlands, 2022), My Garden in the Aral Sea International innovation Centre for Aral Sea basin under the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan (iic-aralsea.org), FAO classification of soil types (Schad, 2014), Abdalla K, Mutema M, Chivenge P, Everson C, Chaplot V (2022) Grassland rehabilitation significantly increases soil carbon stocks by reducing net soil CO2 emissions. Gland: IUCN Publications Unit, IUCN (2017) Drylands and land degradation. Adaptive management, community awareness raising on functions of ecosystems and natural resources in general and their involvement in the planning and implementation processes are highly likely to increase the success of NbS interventions (Belle, Collins, & Jordaan, 2018). FLA. Rivers and streams . The most diverse group of animals are invertebrates. Today species are going extinct at an accelerated and dangerous rate because of non-natural environmental changes caused by human activities. Large-scale afforestation as NbS in the dried-out Aral Sea basin presents opportunities for further research in lieu of absence of documented evidence on the environment, both positive (e.g., the extent of sand transfer reduction) and negative (e.g., impact on groundwater resources). So, policymakers and scientists must collaborate to ensure that only native plant and tree species are used for afforestation, if the intervention is to count as a NbS.