Pharmacol Rep. 2010;62(4):751-756. There is little evidence that the flavonoids in most commercial preparations increase the bioavailability or efficacy of vitamin C (187). Christchurch, New Zealand, Reviewed in December 2018 by: Gao P, Zhang H, Dinavahi R, et al. (PubMed), 93. For example, potassiumfound at high levels in bananas, potatoes, and other fruit and vegetablesis known to be important in blood pressure regulation, and elevated blood pressure is a major risk factor for stroke (see the article on Potassium). There is a need for larger, longer-duration phase II clinical trials that test the efficacy of intravenous vitamin C in disease progression and overall survival (176). (PubMed), 18. The national study identified smokers and those of lower socioeconomic status to both be at higher risk for vitamin C deficiency (36). 200. The role of increased oxidative stress in the occurrence of vascular complications in subjects with diabetes has led to hypothesis that higher intakes of antioxidant nutrients could help lower the risk of CVD in diabetic subjects (144). Additionally, several cross-sectional studies reported inverse associations between circulating vitamin C concentrations and markers of insulin resistance or glucose intolerance, such as glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) concentration (50, 85, 86). (PubMed), 206. Notably, intravenous administration of vitamin C bypasses absorptive control in the intestine such that very high concentrations of vitamin C can be achieved in the plasma; within a few hours, renal excretion restores vitamin C to baseline plasma concentrations (see Cancer Treatment) (25). Nutr Cancer. 202 Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Chait A, et al. The amount of vitamin C required to help prevent chronic disease is higher than the amount required for prevention of scurvy. A lower dose of 200 mg/day did not significantly affect blood lead concentration, although serum vitamin C concentrations were not different from those in the group who took 1,000 mg/day. 201. Rautiainen S, Lindblad BE, Morgenstern R, Wolk A. Vitamin C supplements and the risk of age-related cataract: a population-based prospective cohort study in women. (PubMed), 81. Hemila H, Suonsyrja T. Vitamin C for preventing atrial fibrillation in high risk patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Goyal A, Terry MB, Siegel AB. Corvallis, Oregon 97331, phone: 541-737-5075 | fax: 541-737-5077 2011;2(2):78-88. 2014;28(2):252-268. (PubMed), 27. Environ Health Perspect. While these NIH studies are the best we currently have regarding the pharmacokinetics of vitamin C in the human body, they have numerous limitations, including the fact that they are based on a small number of young, healthy men and women. 2014;50(7):1223-1231. The recommended dietary allowance (RDA) for vitamin C is based on the amount of vitamin C intake necessary to maintain neutrophil vitamin C concentration with minimal urinary excretion of vitamin C and is proposed to provide sufficient antioxidant protection (Table 2) (35). Myint PK, Luben RN, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. Linus Pauling Protocol for heart disease | Diabetes Daily Forums 2015;20(2):210-223. Effect of oral vitamin C supplementation on serum uric acid: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Vitamin C treatment substantially reduced the incidence of periprocedural myocardial injury, as assessed by a reduction in the concentrations of two markers of myocardial injury, namely creatine kinase and troponin-I (131). A similar finding was obtained in a double-blind, randomized controlled trial in which combined supplementation with vitamin C (500 mg/day), vitamin E (800 IU/day), and -lipoic acid (900 mg/day) for 16 weeks reduced lipoprotein oxidation in CSF but elicited no clinical benefit in individuals with mild-to-moderate AD (n=78) (105). Semin Arthritis Rheum. Increased generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) when the heart muscle's oxygen supply is restored might be an important contributor to myocardial damage occurring at reperfusion (133). (PubMed). (PubMed), 75. The dietary fructose: vitamin C intake ratio is associated with hyperuricemia in African-American adults. Oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, -amyloid plaque deposition, Tau protein-forming tangles, and neuronal cell death in the brain of subjects affected by AD have been associated with cognitive decline and memory loss. In humans, vitamin C concentration is about 15 to 20 times higher in the aqueous humorfluid that fills the anterior and posterior chambers of the eyethan in plasma, suggesting that the vitamin may be playing an important role in the eye (107). 2011;26(3):309-318. 2013;5(11):4284-4304. The history of these products might make the reasons for (and differences in them) easier to understand. Decreased vitamin C concentrations in the lens of the eye have been associated with increased severity of cataracts (108). In the second prospective cohort study, the Diet, Cancer and Health Study, 55,543 Danish adults (ages 50-64 years) were questioned at baseline about their lifestyle, diet, and supplement use during the previous 12 months (125). Using this approach, Dr. Pauling suggested in the early 1970s that the optimum daily intake may be about 2,000 milligrams of vitamin C and that everyone should get at least 200 to 250 mg/day. 2014;4:283. (PubMed), 115. Stroke. Three Arterial Cleansing Regimens - Knowledge of Health (PubMed), 174. PaulingTherapy.com - Reversing Heart Disease w/o Drugs is Possible Plasma vitamin C predicts incident heart failure in men and women in European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition-Norfolk prospective study. This is typically observed at doses between 200 to 400 mg/day in healthy young adults, with some degree of individual variation (23, 24). He explained that two-time Nobel Prize winner Linus Pauling had given vitamin C a "bad name." In the 3 government's eyes, he was too vocal about its benefits. Vitamin E and C supplementation and risk of cancer in men: posttrial follow-up in the Physicians' Health Study II randomized trial. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. J Urol. 2005;17(3):341-345. J Biol Chem. 2012;130(1):147-158. Phase I clinical trial to evaluate the safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of high-dose intravenous ascorbic acid in patients with advanced cancer. (PubMed), 139. Natural resistance to ascorbic acid induced oxidative stress is mainly mediated by catalase activity in human cancer cells and catalase-silencing sensitizes to oxidative stress. Roswall N, Olsen A, Christensen J, et al. The effects of increasing weekly doses of ascorbate on certain cellular and humoral immune functions in normal volunteers. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem. Carcinogenesis. Additionally, work by Linus Pauling Institute investigators has shown that cellular uptake of vitamin C declines with age, supporting the notion that vitamin C requirements are increased in the elderly. Linus Pauling is a hard guy to argue with. 1976;84B(5):280-284. 2007;73(4):710-719. (PubMed), 41. Zhu Y, Pandya BJ, Choi HK. Symptoms of vitamin C deficiency, such as poor wound healing and lethargy, likely result from the impairment of these vitamin C-dependent enzymatic reactions leading to the insufficient synthesis of collagen, carnitine, and catecholamines (see Deficiency). 2015;4(11). Over years of buildup and accumulated damage to the coronary arteries, CHD may culminate in a myocardial infarction or heart attack. Alberts B, Bray D, Lewis J, Raff M. Differentiated cells and the maintenance of tissues. Comparison of mortality associated with sepsis in the burn, trauma, and general intensive care unit patient: a systematic review of the literature. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. In addition, hypovitaminosis C is common in critically ill patients, especially in those with septic shock, and persists despite enteral/parenteral nutritional therapy providing recommended amounts of vitamin C (152). Infection with the bacteria, Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), is known to increase the risk of stomach cancer and is associated with lower vitamin C content of stomach secretions (74, 75). (PubMed), 167. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. Conversely, a 2008 meta-analysis of 14 cohort studies concluded that dietary, but not supplemental, vitamin C intake was inversely related to CHD risk (47). Nutr Rev. Tsivgoulis G, Safouris A, Kim DE, Alexandrov AV. Harrison J, Rentz DM, McLaughlin T, et al. Carr AC, Vissers MC. (PubMed), 23. (PubMed), 48 Kubota Y, Iso H, Date C, et al. 1980;33(1):71-76. Linus Pauling Institute Cigarette smoking during pregnancy and risk of preeclampsia: a systematic review. Pauling L. Vitamin C therapy and advanced cancer (letter). 1995;59(6):1519-1523. P R Health Sci J. Atherosclerosis. Allergy Asthma Clin Immunol. Adv Nutr. Traxer O, Huet B, Poindexter J, Pak CY, Pearle MS. Effect of ascorbic acid consumption on urinary stone risk factors. After 14 years of follow-up, it was found that men who consumed 1,000 mg/day of vitamin C had a 41% higher risk of kidney stones compared to men consuming <90 mg of vitamin C daily. Owen R. Fonorow, Orthopath (Orthomolecular Naturopath) The information on dietary factors and supplements, food, and beverages contained on this website does not cover all possible uses, actions, precautions, side effects, and interactions. In most trials, participants received 2 g of vitamin C prior to undergoing CABG or valve replacement surgery and 1 to 2 g/day for five days post-surgery. A few observational studies in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy reported that complementary intravenous vitamin C treatment was associated with a reduction in treatment-associated side effects and an improved quality of life (171). Lee SH, Oe T, Blair IA. 2009;169(5):502-507. Flavonoids are a class of water-soluble plant pigments that are often found in vitamin C-rich fruit and vegetables, especially citrus fruit and berries (see the article on Flavonoids). BMJ. The Shibata study. Stamp LK, Zhu X, Dalbeth N, Jordan S, Edwards NL, Taylor W. Serum urate as a soluble biomarker in chronic gout-evidence that serum urate fulfills the OMERACT validation criteria for soluble biomarkers. Hepatogastroenterology. Pauling Recommendation | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Oregon State University, Updated in July 2018 by: 2004;80(6):1508-1520. (PubMed), 199. Comparison of the absorption and excretion of three commercially available sources of vitamin C. J Am Diet Assoc. J Alzheimers Dis. Front Physiol. Wandzilak TR, D'Andre SD, Davis PA, Williams HE. A 2013 meta-analysis of 53 placebo-controlled trials evaluated the effect of vitamin C supplementation on the incidence, duration, or severity of the common cold when taken as a continuous daily supplement (43 trials) or as therapy upon onset of cold symptoms (10 trials) (178). Conversely, there are case reports suggesting that supplemental vitamin C may lower blood concentrations of some medications, such as fluphenazine (the antipsychotic drug, Prolixin) and indinavir (the antiretroviral drug, Crixivan) (200). Chen Q, Espey MG, Sun AY, et al. Pal J, Sanal MG, Gopal GJ. PDF Chapter 7 The Pauling Therapy - Practicing Medicine Without A License (PubMed), 94. 2010;119(3):753-765. Vitamin C intake from diary recordings and risk of breast cancer in the UK Dietary Cohort Consortium. Results from another study by the same investigators suggested that vitamin C could not prevent the oxidation of high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol by glycated Hb-Hp2-2 complexes in vitro nor restore impaired HDL function in diabetic mice carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (149). 2007;10(2):75-83. Pauling, two-time Nobel laureate and the world's foremost vitamin C proponent, entertained an overflow crowd in the Bldg. A population-based, prospective study, the Iowa Womens Health Study, collected baseline data on diet and supplement use in 35,159 women (aged 55-69 years) and evaluated the risk of developing non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL) over 19 years of follow-up (80). Cheng Y, Willett WC, Schwartz J, Sparrow D, Weiss S, Hu H. Relation of nutrition to bone lead and blood lead levels in middle-aged to elderly men. A 2013 meta-analysis of 17 prospective cohort studies reported a 19% lower risk of stroke with the highest versus lowest dietary vitamin C intakes and a 38% lower risk with the highest versus lowest circulating vitamin C concentrations (59). (PubMed), 193. Other trials also failed to show any evidence of an effect of vitamin C on the risk of stroke. 1999;91(6):547-556. (PubMed), 207. Arthritis Rheum. Juraschek SP, Miller ER, 3rd, Gelber AC. Each of the cohort studies used self-administered food frequency questionnaires at baseline to assess vitamin C intake. Eur J Nutr. (PubMed), 46 Knekt P, Ritz J, Pereira MA, et al. 1999;13(9):1007-1024. (PubMed). "Vitamin C" Vitamin C and Cancer - Dr. Linus Pauling - How To Live Longer and Feel Better - Vitamin C Dr. Linus Pauling and Dr. Abram HofferVitamin C, Vita. 2004;27(4):925-930. J Am Coll Nutr. (PubMed), 185. Simvastatin and niacin, antioxidant vitamins, or the combination for the prevention of coronary disease. Mirvish SS, Wallcave L, Eagen M, Shubik P. Ascorbate-nitrite reaction: possible means of blocking the formation of carcinogenic N-nitroso compounds. 2008;66(5):237-249. N Engl J Med. (PubMed), 171. Massey LK, Liebman M, Kynast-Gales SA. Harding AH, Wareham NJ, Bingham SA, et al. DeRitter E, Cohen N, Rubin SH. See also the section on Cancer in the Symposium on Vitamin CPart of the LPIs 9th International Conference on Diet and Optimum Health. PDF The Cure for Heart Disease: Condensed - Cardiacos.net The significance of the CSF-to-plasma vitamin C ratio in AD progression requires further study. Relationship of ascorbic acid to blood lead levels. Saag KG, Choi H. Epidemiology, risk factors, and lifestyle modifications for gout. Supplementation with vitamin C had no effect on the overall risk of cancer or on the risk of prostate, bladder, or pancreatic cancer; there was a marginal reduction in colorectal cancer incidence with vitamin C compared to placebo (82). Rodrigo R, Hasson D, Prieto JC, et al. In spite of the variable association depending on source, these analyses indicate an overall inverse association between higher vitamin C intakes and CHD risk. 2013;97(4):800-807. Fruit, vegetable and vitamin C intakes and plasma vitamin C: cross-sectional associations with insulin resistance and glycaemia in 9-10 year-old children. (PubMed), 191. 5 Jariwalla RJ, Harakeh S. Antiviral and immunomodulatory activities of ascorbic acid. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. Vitamin C | Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Collins R, Peto R, Armitage J. Carr AC, Pullar JM, Bozonet SM, Vissers MC. Yokoyama T, Date C, Kokubo Y, Yoshiike N, Matsumura Y, Tanaka H. Serum vitamin C concentration was inversely associated with subsequent 20-year incidence of stroke in a Japanese rural community. Cabanillas F. Vitamin C and cancer: what can we conclude--1,609 patients and 33 years later? Tower sells high-dose powdered vitamin C, lysine and proline-rich Lp (a) binding inhibitor drink mixes for cardiovascular disease as recommended by Nobel Prize winning scientist Linus Pauling. Age-related changes to the lens (thickening, loss of flexibility) and oxidative damage contribute to the formation of cataract, i.e., cloudiness or opacity in the lens that interferes with the clear focusing of images on the retina. ", Linus Pauling Institute | Oregon State University Combined effect of metformin with ascorbic acid versus acetyl salicylic acid on diabetes-related cardiovascular complication; a 12-month single blind multicenter randomized control trial. Vitamin C intake and serum uric acid concentration in men. Pharmacologic ascorbic acid concentrations selectively kill cancer cells: action as a pro-drug to deliver hydrogen peroxide to tissues. Compared to standard-of-care, this intervention cocktail more than halved the mean duration of vasopressor use (18.3 h versus 54.9 h) and reduced the odds of mortality by nearly 90% (156). (PubMed), 108. Nutrition and gastric cancer risk: an update. Gillani SW, Sulaiman SAS, Abdul MIM, Baig MR. (PubMed), 131. Some (24, 191, 192), but not all (193-195), studies have reported that supplemental vitamin C increases urinary oxalate concentrations. 2008;87(1):64-69. (PubMed), 160. A 2012 review of nine randomized controlled trials found no substantial effect of -carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E, administered individually or in combination over 2.1 to 12 years, on the risk of cataracts or cataract surgery (112). 1999;69(6):1086-1107. JAMA Intern Med. Higher plasma concentrations achieved via intravenous vitamin C administration are comparable to those that are toxic to cancer cells in culture. Once plasma vitamin C concentrations reach saturation, additional vitamin C is largely excreted in the urine. 2005;135(7):1673-1677. 2016;5(2):94-100. 2008;168(14):1493-1499. Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease, including coronary heart disease, stroke, and atrial fibrillation. The capacity of vitamin C to influence the methylation status of DNA and histones in mammalian cells supports a role for the vitamin in health and disease beyond what was previously understood, in particular by safeguarding genome integrity (3, 4). Although intravenous vitamin C administration appears to be safe and well tolerated, there is a non-negligible risk of oxalate nephropathy (a rare cause of kidney failure) in these critically ill patients (157). 1998;68(5):309-315. (PubMed), 60. (PubMed), 148. While acute scurvy can be prevented by a mere 10 mg vitamin C per day, there is no current research showing how much vitamin C might be required to prevent the atherosclerotic plaques of chronic scurvy. These, together with a general anti-oxidant recommendation which included vitamin A and E, were his specific recommendation for the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. (PubMed), 87. Vitamin C and A1c relationship in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2006. (PubMed), 153. Linus Pauling Institute In developing his recommendations, he used cross-species comparisons, evolutionary arguments, the concept of biochemical individuality, and the amount of vitamin C likely consumed in a raw plant food diet. (PubMed), 45. (PubMed), 147. Some, yet not all, studies in animal models such as vitamin C-deficient guinea pigs or genetically scorbutic rats found an increased uptake of vitamin C in peripheral circulation and specific organs in the presence of flavonoids. San Francisco: W.H. An eight-week, open-label, controlled trial randomized 40 subjects with gout to receive either allopurinol (standard-of-care), vitamin C, or both treatments (122). The lens of the eye focuses light, producing a clear, sharp image on the retina, a layer of tissue on the inside back wall of the eyeball. In contrast, a much larger trial in more than 20,000 men and women with coronary heart disease or diabetes mellitus found that simvastatin and an antioxidant combination (600 mg vitamin E, 250 mg vitamin C, and 20 mg -carotene daily) did not diminish the cardioprotective effects of simvastatin therapy over a five-year period (203). (PubMed), 83. Nutrients. Simon JA, Hudes ES. (PubMed), 47. Zabet MH, Mohammadi M, Ramezani M, Khalili H. Effect of high-dose Ascorbic acid on vasopressor's requirement in septic shock. Modern Nutrition in Health and Disease, 11th ed. The MRC/BHF Heart Protection Study: preliminary results. Dr. Pauling significantly increased his recommendation in his 1986 book How To Live Longer and Feel Better. Hong SW, Lee SH, Moon JH, et al. Kitsantas P, Christopher KE. Vitamin C infusion (sodium ascorbate: 3.20 mmol/min for 1 hour then 0.96 mmol/min for 2 hours) prior to reperfusion followed by oral supplementation with vitamin C (1 g/day) and vitamin E (400 IU/day) for 84 days effectively prevented a reduction in antioxidant capacity at reperfusion and for the next six to eight hours. Hemila H, Chalker E. Vitamin C for preventing and treating the common cold. 2011;162(2):246-253. Linus Pauling's Vitamin C Therapy: A Personal Experience Linus Pauling's specific therapy for cardiovascular and heart diseases are high dosages of two essential nutrients; vitamin C and the amino acid lysine . Thus, in vitro vitamin C sensitivity assays may provide predictive value for the clinical response to intravenous vitamin C treatment. Prospective cohort studies can examine the incidence of a specific disease in relation to vitamin C intake or body status in a cohort of participants who are followed over time. (PubMed), 73 Jenab M, Riboli E, Ferrari P, et al. (PubMed), 172. The lively 92-year-old first gave a candid history of how he came to take up the vitamin C cause. Oregon State University, Updated in September 2003 by: (PubMed), 104. Linus Pauling and Matthias Rath first presented their lipoprotein-a theory of arterial disease in 1990. Two large prospective cohort studies assessed the relationship between dietary and supplemental vitamin C intakes and mortality. 2010;12(2):209-217. 2015;35:545-564. 2018;9:809. Studies in the 1970s and 1980s conducted by Linus Pauling, Ewan Cameron, and colleagues suggested that large doses of vitamin C (10 g/day infused intravenously for 10 days followed by at least 10 g/day orally indefinitely) were helpful in increasing the survival time and improving the quality of life of terminal cancer patients (158). PDF THE COLLAGEN CONNECTION - LINUS PAULING - Vitamin C 2017;37:58-64. Although two intervention studies failed to show a reduction in stomach cancer incidence with vitamin C supplementation(35), some research suggests that vitamin C supplementation may be a useful addition to standard H. pylori eradication therapy in reducing the risk of gastric cancer (76). The mechanisms underlying differential sensitivity to vitamin C are under investigation. You may hyperlink to this website but must include the following statement: "This link leads to a website provided by the Linus Pauling Institute at Oregon State University. 177. This highlights the fact that limitations associated with dietary assessment methods such as food frequency questionnaires may be overcome by using biomarkers of nutrient intake (50, 51). (PubMed), 136. In this latter trial, a greater decline in the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) score was observed in the supplemented group, however, the significance of this observation remains unclear. Vitamin-C as anti-Helicobacter pylori agent: More prophylactic than curative- Critical review. Moran JP, Cohen L, Greene JM, et al. 2013;33:45-70. 1999;281(15):1415-1423. 1977;47(3):248-257. 2005;24(4):269-276. In the National Institutes of Health (NIH)-American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) Diet and Health study that included 232,007 participants, the use of vitamin C supplements for at least seven times a week was associated with a 9% lower risk of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus compared to non-supplement use (83). Widespread publicity has been given to a few studies suggesting a pro-oxidant effect of vitamin C (204, 205), but these studies turned out to be either flawed or of no physiological relevance. 3rd ed. SVCT-2 in breast cancer acts as an indicator for L-ascorbate treatment. 2010;29(3):215-217. Dixit S, Bernardo A, Walker JM, et al. Nature. 2012;64(2):245-254. Ascorbate is depleted by smoking and repleted by moderate supplementation: a study in male smokers and nonsmokers with matched dietary antioxidant intakes. 2013;106(5):310-315. 2013;65(6):1636-1642. Another large, multi-center, prospective studythe Womens Health Initiativethat followed 154,363 postmenopausal women for 11 years found that dietary and supplemental vitamin C intake at baseline was inversely associated with diffuse B-cell lymphoma, a subtype of NHL (81). 2003;90(2):148-154. However, studies conducted in humans found no differences in bioavailability of vitamin C from flavonoid-rich whole fruit or fruit juice and synthetic vitamin C (reviewed in 186). The information is made available with the understanding that the author and publisher are not providing medical, psychological, or nutritional counseling services on this site. Reiss GR, Werness PG, Zollman PE, Brubaker RF. 2011;42(6):1665-1672. Khaw KT, Bingham S, Welch A, et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. (PubMed), 56. Cell Mol Life Sci. Dietary factors and the risk of incident kidney stones in men: new insights after 14 years of follow-up. A 2013 systematic review identified 11 randomized controlled studies that evaluated the effect of vitamin C on asthma (eight trials) or exercise-induced bronchoconstriction (three trials) (180). (PubMed), 187. Diabetes Care. Ye Y, Li J, Yuan Z. 66 auditorium with a talk on Vitamin C and Heart Disease. While the Sesso study showed no mortality benefit, many previous studies such as the Enstrom Study showed a striking 40% reduction in all-cause mortality over 6 years from the same 500 mg daily vitamin C . He received these awards for chemistry in 1954 and for peace in 1962. . 2013;1(5):e239-240. A systematic review. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005;4:5. Andres M, Sivera F, Falzon L, Buchbinder R, Carmona L. Dietary supplements for chronic gout. Authors' perspective: What is the optimum intake of vitamin C in humans? Although the analysis adjusted for several lifestyle and known risk factors, the authors noted that other healthy behaviors and/or folate intake may have confounded the association. A 2017 review of eight published randomized controlled trials found inconsistent results from seven trials reporting on the effect of vitamin C supplementation on serum cholesterol and triglycerides, established risk factors for cardiovascular disease(52). 2012;37(1):4-16. Endothelial dysfunction results in widespread vasoconstriction and coagulation abnormalities. (PubMed), 158. Vitamin C is depleted during and following cardiac surgery (134)and this might be due to the direct quenching of ROS, the regeneration of other antioxidants, and/or a massive synthesis of catecholamines (dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine) (135). Two large prospective cohort studies, one following 45,251 men for six years and the other following 85,557 women for 14 years, reported that consumption of 1,500 mg of vitamin C daily did not increase the risk of kidney stone formation compared to those consuming <250 mg daily (196, 197). Cardiovasc Diabetol. Vitamin C in health and disease. (PubMed), 30. Myint PK, Luben RN, Welch AA, Bingham SA, Wareham NJ, Khaw KT. J Am Soc Nephrol. Am J Clin Nutr. 2000;70(5):226-237. In fact, two prospective cohort studies in Swedish men (110)and women (111)reported that high-dose single nutrient supplements of vitamin C were associated with an increased risk of cataract, especially in those on corticosteroid therapy. Int J Surg. Reversal of ionoregulatory disruptions in occupational lead exposure by vitamin C. Environ Toxicol Pharmacol. Basili S, Tanzilli G, Mangieri E, et al. On the other hand, two other large prospective studies reported that a high intake of vitamin C was associated with an increased risk of kidney stone formation in men (198, 199). Does vitamin C act as a pro-oxidant under physiological conditions? Yet, most studies were small and of short duration and thus did not assess the consequence of long-term use of antioxidant vitamins on the risk of vascular complications in diabetic patients. 2008;300(18):2123-2133. Such symptoms appear to be related to the weakening of blood vessels, connective tissue, and bone, which all contain collagen. (PubMed), 117. Vitamins E and C in the prevention of cardiovascular disease in men: the Physicians' Health Study II randomized controlled trial. One trial found that vitamin C supplementation (1 g/day) for 14 weeks reduced the risk of asthma attacks precipitated by respiratory infection. You may not copy, modify, distribute, display, transmit, perform, publish or sell any of the copyrightable material on this website. 2010;126(6):1504-1512. 16. 2012;7(1):e29794. 2009;56(5):764-770. Ann Intern Med. Vitamin C affects several components of the human immune system in vitro; for example, vitamin C has been shown to stimulate both the production (5-9)and function (10, 11)of leukocytes (white blood cells), especially neutrophils, lymphocytes, and phagocytes. Therefore, as in many studies of vitamin C intake and chronic disease risk, it is difficult to separate the effects of vitamin C from the effects of other components of fruit and vegetables. (PubMed), 100. 2017;17(1):49. Cell Death Dis. When the results of the Womens Antioxidant Vitamin Estrogen (WAVE) trial were reanalyzed based on Hp genotype, antioxidant therapy (1,000 mg/day of vitamin C + 800 IU/day of vitamin E) was associated with improvement of coronary atherosclerosis in diabetic women with Hp1-1 genotype but worsening of coronary atherosclerosis in those carrying the Hp2-2 genotype (148). South Med J. Effects of a novel ascorbate-based protocol on infarct size and ventricle function in acute myocardial infarction patients undergoing percutaneous coronary angioplasty.
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